Regular Thickened Folds

Diffuse

Edema

•           Hypoproteinemia (albumin <2.7 g/dL)

•            Cirrhosis

•            Nephrotic syndrome

•            Protein-losing enteropathy (Ménétrier’s, Cronkhite-Canada syndrome, malignancy, IBD)

•           Congestive heart failure

•           Constrictive pericarditis

•           Portal hypertension

Long Segment

Intramural hemorrhage

•           Coagulation defects

•            Anticoagulant therapy

•            Coagulopathy (hemophilia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, cirrhosis, malignancy, disseminated intravascular coagulation)

•           Ischemia

•            Arterial occlusion (atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, sickle-cell crisis)

•            Venous occlusion (thrombosis, compression)

•            Low flow (low cardiac output, shock)

•            Vasculitis (connective tissue diseases, amyloidosis, Henoch-Sch�nlein purpura, radiation therapy (>4500 cGy)

•           Eosinophilic enteritis

Focal / Short Segment

Mesenteric venous or lymphatic obstruction

•            Metastasis

•            Surgery

•            Fibrosis

•            Thrombosis

Early Crohn disease